from flask import render_template
from app import app, db

@app.errorhandler(404)
def not_found_error(error):
    return render_template('404.html'), 404

@app.errorhandler(500)
def internal_error(error):
    db.session.rollback()
    return render_template('500.html'), 500

//config.py: Email configuration
class Config(object):
    # ...
    MAIL_SERVER = os.environ.get('MAIL_SERVER')
    MAIL_PORT = int(os.environ.get('MAIL_PORT') or 25)
    MAIL_USE_TLS = os.environ.get('MAIL_USE_TLS') is not None
    MAIL_USERNAME = os.environ.get('MAIL_USERNAME')
    MAIL_PASSWORD = os.environ.get('MAIL_PASSWORD')
    ADMINS = ['your-email@example.com']

//app/__init__.py: Log errors by email

import logging
from logging.handlers import SMTPHandler

# ...

if not app.debug:
    if app.config['MAIL_SERVER']:
        auth = None
        if app.config['MAIL_USERNAME'] or app.config['MAIL_PASSWORD']:
            auth = (app.config['MAIL_USERNAME'], app.config['MAIL_PASSWORD'])
        secure = None
        if app.config['MAIL_USE_TLS']:
            secure = ()
        mail_handler = SMTPHandler(
            mailhost=(app.config['MAIL_SERVER'], app.config['MAIL_PORT']),
            fromaddr='no-reply@' + app.config['MAIL_SERVER'],
            toaddrs=app.config['ADMINS'], subject='Microblog Failure',
            credentials=auth, secure=secure)
        mail_handler.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
        app.logger.addHandler(mail_handler)

# app/__init__.py: Logging to a file
# ...
from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler
import os

# ...

if not app.debug:
    # ...

    if not os.path.exists('logs'):
        os.mkdir('logs')
    file_handler = RotatingFileHandler('logs/microblog.log', maxBytes=10240,
                                       backupCount=10)
    file_handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(
        '%(asctime)s %(levelname)s: %(message)s [in %(pathname)s:%(lineno)d]'))
    file_handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)
    app.logger.addHandler(file_handler)

    app.logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
    app.logger.info('Microblog startup')

>>> from app import db
>>> from app.models import User, Post
>>> u = User(username='john', email='john@example.com')
>>> db.session.add(u)
>>> db.session.commit()

@app.shell_context_processor
def make_shell_context():
    return {'db': db, 'User': User, 'Post': Post}

>>> from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
>>> es = Elasticsearch('http://localhost:9200')
# store on doc to index 'my_index'
>>> es.index(index='my_index', id=1, body={'text': 'this is a test'})
# search from my_index
>>> es.search(index='my_index', body={'query': {'match': {'text': 'this test'}}})

##app/search.py: Search functions.
from flask import current_app

# create `index` from model
def add_to_index(index, model):
    if not current_app.elasticsearch:
        return
    payload = {}
    for field in model.__searchable__:
        payload[field] = getattr(model, field)
    current_app.elasticsearch.index(index=index, id=model.id, body=payload)

def remove_from_index(index, model):
    if not current_app.elasticsearch:
        return
    current_app.elasticsearch.delete(index=index, id=model.id)

def query_index(index, query, page, per_page):
    if not current_app.elasticsearch:
        return [], 0
    search = current_app.elasticsearch.search(
        index=index,
        body={'query': {'multi_match': {'query': query, 'fields': ['*']}},
              'from': (page - 1) * per_page, 'size': per_page})
    ids = [int(hit['_id']) for hit in search['hits']['hits']]
    return ids, search['hits']['total']['value']

#app/models.py: SearchableMixin class.
from app.search import add_to_index, remove_from_index, query_index

class SearchableMixin(object):
    @classmethod
    def search(cls, expression, page, per_page):
        ids, total = query_index(cls.__tablename__, expression, page, per_page)
        if total == 0:
            return cls.query.filter_by(id=0), 0
        when = []
        for i in range(len(ids)):
            when.append((ids[i], i))
        return cls.query.filter(cls.id.in_(ids)).order_by(
            db.case(when, value=cls.id)), total

    @classmethod
    def before_commit(cls, session):
        session._changes = {
            'add': list(session.new),
            'update': list(session.dirty),
            'delete': list(session.deleted)
        }

    @classmethod
    def after_commit(cls, session):
        for obj in session._changes['add']:
            if isinstance(obj, SearchableMixin):
                add_to_index(obj.__tablename__, obj)
        for obj in session._changes['update']:
            if isinstance(obj, SearchableMixin):
                add_to_index(obj.__tablename__, obj)
        for obj in session._changes['delete']:
            if isinstance(obj, SearchableMixin):
                remove_from_index(obj.__tablename__, obj)
        session._changes = None

    @classmethod
    def reindex(cls):
        for obj in cls.query:
            add_to_index(cls.__tablename__, obj)

db.event.listen(db.session, 'before_commit', SearchableMixin.before_commit)
db.event.listen(db.session, 'after_commit', SearchableMixin.after_commit)

#app/main/forms.py: Search form.
from flask import request

class SearchForm(FlaskForm):
    q = StringField(_l('Search'), validators=[DataRequired()])

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if 'formdata' not in kwargs:
            kwargs['formdata'] = request.args
        if 'meta' not in kwargs:
            kwargs['meta'] = {'csrf': False}
        super(SearchForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)

from flask import g
from app.main.forms import SearchForm

@bp.before_app_request
def before_request():
    if current_user.is_authenticated:
        current_user.last_seen = datetime.utcnow()
        db.session.commit()
        g.search_form = SearchForm()
    g.locale = str(get_locale())

@bp.route('/search')
@login_required
def search():
    if not g.search_form.validate():
        return redirect(url_for('main.explore'))
    page = request.args.get('page', 1, type=int)
    posts, total = Post.search(g.search_form.q.data, page,
                               current_app.config['POSTS_PER_PAGE'])
    next_url = url_for('main.search', q=g.search_form.q.data, page=page + 1) \
        if total > page * current_app.config['POSTS_PER_PAGE'] else None
    prev_url = url_for('main.search', q=g.search_form.q.data, page=page - 1) \
        if page > 1 else None
    return render_template('search.html', title=_('Search'), posts=posts,
                           next_url=next_url, prev_url=prev_url)

# app/models.py: Message model.
class Message(db.Model):
    id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
    sender_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
    recipient_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
    body = db.Column(db.String(140))
    timestamp = db.Column(db.DateTime, index=True, default=datetime.utcnow)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<Message {}>'.format(self.body)

#app/models.py: Private messages support in User model.
class User(UserMixin, db.Model):
    # ...
    messages_sent = db.relationship('Message',
                                    foreign_keys='Message.sender_id',
                                    backref='author', lazy='dynamic')
    messages_received = db.relationship('Message',
                                        foreign_keys='Message.recipient_id',
                                        backref='recipient', lazy='dynamic')
    last_message_read_time = db.Column(db.DateTime)

    # ...

    def new_messages(self):
        last_read_time = self.last_message_read_time or datetime(1900, 1, 1)
        return Message.query.filter_by(recipient=self).filter(
            Message.timestamp > last_read_time).count()

#app/main/forms.py: Private message form class.
class MessageForm(FlaskForm):
    message = TextAreaField(_l('Message'), validators=[
        DataRequired(), Length(min=0, max=140)])
    submit = SubmitField(_l('Submit'))

#app/main/routes.py: Send private message route.

from app.main.forms import MessageForm
from app.models import Message

# ...

@bp.route('/send_message/<recipient>', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
@login_required
def send_message(recipient):
    user = User.query.filter_by(username=recipient).first_or_404()
    form = MessageForm()
    if form.validate_on_submit():
        msg = Message(author=current_user, recipient=user,
                      body=form.message.data)
        db.session.add(msg)
        db.session.commit()
        flash(_('Your message has been sent.'))
        return redirect(url_for('main.user', username=recipient))
    return render_template('send_message.html', title=_('Send Message'),
                           form=form, recipient=recipient)

#app/tasks.py: Example background task.

import time

def example(seconds):
    print('Starting task')
    for i in range(seconds):
        print(i)
        time.sleep(1)
    print('Task completed')

>>> from redis import Redis
>>> import rq
>>> queue = rq.Queue('microblog-tasks', connection=Redis.from_url('redis://'))
>>> job = queue.enqueue('app.tasks.example', 23)
>>> job.get_id()
'c651de7f-21a8-4068-afd5-8b982a6f6d32'

#app/email.py: Send emails with attachments.

# ...

def send_email(subject, sender, recipients, text_body, html_body,
               attachments=None, sync=False):
    msg = Message(subject, sender=sender, recipients=recipients)
    msg.body = text_body
    msg.html = html_body
    if attachments:
        for attachment in attachments:
            msg.attach(*attachment)
    if sync:
        mail.send(msg)
    else:
        Thread(target=send_async_email,
            args=(current_app._get_current_object(), msg)).start()

#app/tasks.py: Create application and context.

from app import create_app

app = create_app()
app.app_context().push()

#app/tasks.py: Set task progress.

from rq import get_current_job
from app import db
from app.models import Task

# ...

def _set_task_progress(progress):
    job = get_current_job()
    if job:
        job.meta['progress'] = progress
        job.save_meta()
        task = Task.query.get(job.get_id())
        task.user.add_notification('task_progress', {'task_id': job.get_id(),
                                                     'progress': progress})
        if progress >= 100:
            task.complete = True
        db.session.commit()

import os
from dotenv import load_dotenv
#获取当前文件路径
basedir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
load_dotenv(os.path.join(basedir, '.env'))